A memorable journey

Topic: A memorable journey

A memorable journey is that which clicks in your mind, it is that moment which impressed you a lot. I travelled a lot in my life but the most shining and the most memorable journey of my life is when I went to the Fair, it was famous by its name that is LUCKY IRANI CIRCUS which was held in the city Lahore. Lahore is the famous city of Pakistan.

Lucky Irani circus was on 25th of December. We started our journey two days earlier from Karachi .We were not came from Plane, we started our journey by car. It took long time to reached Lahore. When we arrived in Lahore, we book a guest house for taking some rest. We arrived Lahore a day earlier .After that day, the sun rises, I woke up and took bath quickly because I was much exited, and during I took bath, my mother prepared the breakfast for us. I quickly wear my T-Shirt and New Jeans and eat my breakfast. Then whole family started to load luggage in our car. So, finally the time came, we went the place where the fair was held.

In fair, there was a shop where there was a girl like snake. The head of that snake is of little girl and the rest was snake. At that instance we were much afraid of that appearance of snake. It was very horrible and terrible to watch. So we quickly went out from that shop. After that we went to some kind of that shop in which a man drives car circularly on the walls of well. I was so interesting to watch that show. After that we ate some GOAL GAPPAS and DAHI BHARAY which were very tasty. Actually we enjoyed in such a way that we never enjoyed ever in our lives. After the whole event we came back to guest house and spent a night and leave guest house earlier on next day and reached Karachi safely after a whole day driving. It was a memorable journey for me and for my whole family because we enjoyed a lot during this journey.

SRS-Software Requirement specification

Software Requirement specification
SRS

1.  INTRODUCTION

                                   This SRS document is for a software house’s website (Anysoftwarehouse.com) This document provides overview of the SRS for our website.It includes purpose of our website. It provides scope of website and definitions and reference and the overview is also written in SRS.

1.1         Purpose the purpose of this SRS document is to define website’s functionality, parameters and goals, requirements for design, requirements of clients which he wants from our software house. It may also contains the description and sequence of steps to build this site

1.2   Scope   our website will provide all information about our services, our reliable and remarkable projects, our recent projects and quality which will help people to make decisions about which is best for them. There will be login panel for users, employees and authority. People can contact our developers to get information about their products and about any query.

 

        1.3   Definitions, Acronyms, Abbreviations

SRS	Software Requirement specification
Admin	Manager of System
User	Someone Interacts with System
Privileged  user	User having Specific  Rights
IEEE	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
FAQ	Frequently Asked Questions
ASP	A Programing Language

 

      1.4    References

IEEE Guide for Developing Software Requirements Specifications, IEEE Std 1233, 1998 Edition,   

IEEE Software Engineering Standards Committee, “IEEE   Std   830-1998,   IEEE Recommended Practice for Software Requirements Specifications”, 1998.

      1.5    Overview

                    Remaining section is about the system, data requirements and characteristics of the user. The 1st section of this document is about the purpose and scope of this product and second Section is about the system, in this section system or product is described which consist of functionality of the web and its interaction with the user and with system on which it is running and the 3^rd section of this document is about the requirements of the system in detail including performance and functional requirements and also external interface.

2.   Overall Description  

                                                      This Document provides the background for those requirements which are described in section 3 like external interface, performance and functional requirements, these information are described in such a way that these are easily understandable. This is overview of the system. It also provides information about the stakeholder and its nature which is going to use it. Last part is about the constraints and assumptions

   2.1 Product Perspective As our website is independent so it is not a part of any larger system. Our website is totally self-contained so it is not dependent to any other site or program.

Our site has ability to operate in different constraints like as:

             1- System Interface

             2- User interface

             3- Hardware Interface

             4-Software Interface

             5- Memory Constraints

             6- Operations

             7- Site adaption Requirements

   2.1.1   System Interface System interface may consist of CPU monitor and the user of system. User may be a visitor of the site or the client of our software house. User can visit our website, our work, our projects, latest events occurring in our software house and the latest news and also can contact our developers about their queries and their requirements about their product.

   2.1.2    User Interface A user can visit our website, can search within our site, can view our gallery, can contact to our developers but he will not be able to make any kind of change to our site. He can use our site at different web browsers it is flexibility of our site. He can also view website in different configuration. So user interface is consisting of configuration characteristics. 

   2.1.3    Hardware Interface This is about the type of the hardware which should use for our website and it also includes other specific hardware like mouse, keyboard and printer. Is Keyboard can operate on our site or not similarly specified situations in which a mouse should operate or not. Hardware and Processor should be most efficient so a user may get best results.

   2.1.4    Software Interface Software Interfaces includes required software product to complete the project. As for the front end of the website visual studio may be used and for the back end and for storing record Oracle database is used. So different software used in completing the project

   2.1.5   Memory Constraints Our website has taken 5MB space of Computer’s Secondary Memory.     

   2.1.6   Operations Our website provides different modes of operations such as management operations and authorized operations     

   2.1.7   Site adaptation requirements our website will represent our software house. This will help us to show our achievements. People will visit this and they will be assured that we can fulfill their needs in a best way.

2.2   Product Functions

                                      This includes all the major functions of the website which it will perform as management and authorized functions. Admin can make changes to the site. He can update the data, news, events and Projects and a user can view all these things. Workers can also create their accounts and can see their current status and details. Visitors will be able to contact to the developers for any query. Our website will consist of following menus or pages:

Home:   All basic information will be on homepage.

News & Events:   This will consist of all latest news and occurring Events of our software house.

Projects:   our all completed projects will be listed in this menu. A visitor can visit them.

Register:   This menu is for the registering the privileged users.

Login:   This is for the admin and privileged user to login to the site.

Contact us:   Visitors can contact to our admin for any query or can give their feedback.

2.3   User characteristics

                                        User of the website may be a client, worker and Admin.

A client usually can visit our site and will see our projects and services and can contact our developers if he wants a service from us or simply he can feed back us.

An employee or worker can just login to his account and can see and update his current status and details.

On the other Hand, Admin can visit the site, login and can make changes and updates the data.

 

 2.4   Constraints

                                                                 Developer  should  limit  the  privileges  of  the  user  so  that  they  cannot  harm  system  server. Website should be efficient and it should work on all browsers without any problem and issue

 2.5   Assumption and dependencies

                                                                                      To run a website a source or operating system as Windows and Mac or Mobile is required, so it is a dependent and without any operating system a website can’t run so operating system is necessary for it          

3. Specific Requirements                              

                                            This section is about the inputs and outputs. Inputs which our website can support and what will be the required outputs.

3.1 External Interface

                                   External interface is about the interaction with website of the user or admin. User and privileged users can visit site, they can use register button to register in the site and have facility to login. Admin can login to the site and can perform different operations. If admin or privileged user enter wrong name or password( which is not same as were in register form) to login then site will not give access to their account and operation will be fail and then he can try again to login. In login panel characters, symbols and numbers will be supported. 

3.2 Functions  

                     Visitors can only visit the site they are not allowed to make any change in the site.

Employee can register himself and then can see his details, on the other hand admin can make changes to the site and can manage the data but for this he have to login to the site and for the login he have to write correct information in login input boxes, if he inputs wrong information then site will reject it and he have to input correct information. Privileged users have to provide all required                              information to site to register. He is allowed to use characters and numbers and symbols in input fields.

3.3 Performance Requirements

                                                                                     Since a website may be viewed by hundred, thousand viewers simultaneously so it should in such condition that it can handle this number of viewers. So for this purpose there should be enough powerful server machines and high speed internet access and its data base should also capable to manage this number of users at the same time.

3.4 Standard compliance

                                                               Database will store all records and data and when changes are made then database will store updates.

3.5 Design constraints

                                                               This should specify design constraints that can be imposed by other standards, hardware limitations.                 

3.6 Software System Attributes                                                                                                     

                                             There are a number of attributes of software that can serve as requirements. It is important that required attributes be specified so that their achievement can be objectively verified.

3.6.1 Reliability

                All functions of the website are fully reliable and fulfil the requirements.

3.6.2 Availability

                Required functions are available and able to perform at their demand.

3.6.3 Security

                Website’s security is strict. Visitors just can visit the site and cannot make any change to the site. No one can login to another’s account and see their information.

3.6.4 Maintainability

                Maintenance can be performed at any time when needed. Functions of the site are easily modifiable.

3.6.5 Portability

                 Website can run on any operating system such as windows, Linux and mac. It can run on any web browser.

3.7 Organizing the specific Requirement

                                                                          

3.7.1 System Mode

                                         Our website can run on normal mode.

3.7.2 User Class

                                       There are 3 types of user

            1. Admin

            2. Employee

            3. Privileged user

3.7.3 Objects

                               Different objects can perform different actions depending on their role.

Sets of objects may share attributes and services. These are grouped together as classes.

  3.7.4 Feature

Our website includes different features like News, Events, projects, Expertise, register & Login page which perform different functions and each of these pages having different features respectively.

  3.7.6 Response

                 Functions defined in the form of Response:

Response 1: All Users interacting with the system.

Response 2:  All functions performed by the users.

3.8 Additional Comments

                All the required functionalities of system are described above are working properly. All inputs and outputs are Responsive.  All  the document is created using English language.

peshawar attack DP

Attack in peshawar DP

We in the condolence of peshawar attack will change our dps's of atleast 3 days.

Polymorphism in OOP

Polymorphism and virtual functions

Polymorphism

The word Polymorphism is a combination of two words i.e poly and morphism. Poly means many and morphism mean form. In object-oriented-programming, Polymorphism is the cability of objects of different types two reply to the functions of the same name.The user  not have to know the exact type of the object in advance. The action of the object can be apply at the run time. It is called Late-Binding or Dynamic binding. Polymorphism is implemented by using virtual functions.

Pointer to objects

A pointer can also refer to an object of a class. The member of an object can be accessed through pointers by using the symbol - >. The symbol is known as member access operator.

Syntax

The syntax of referencing an object with pointer is as follow:

ptr-> member.

Virtual Function

                     Virtual means existing effect but not in reality. A type of function that appears to existing some part of a program but does not exist really is called virtual function. Virtual functions are used to apply polymorphism. They enable the user to execute completly different by same function call. 

                     A virtual function is defined in the parent class and can overridden is child classes. It is defined by using the key word virtual.

Early Binding

                   The assignment of types to variables and expressions at compilation time is known as early binding.It is also called static binding. The early binding occurs when every thing require to call a function is known at compile time. Early binding enables the the compiler to know exactly which function will be called when a certain statement is executed.

                   When a program is compiled, the compiler cheaks the functions call and decides which function is to be executed. This process takes place during compilation process in normal programs with functions.It is an example of early binding.

Late Binding

The assignment of types to variables and expression at execution time is known as late binding. It is also known as dynamic binding. The late binding occurs when some information to call a function is decided at execution time. The compiler does not know at compile time which function will be executed.It provide more flexibility.

The use of virtual function to implement polymorphism is an example of late binding. In virtual functions, the compiler does not know at compile time which object is reffered by the pointer. The compiler executes the function depending on the contents of the pointer rather then the type of compiler.

Sandwich Model in SE

Requirement and Modeling
or
Sandwich Model

                             It is important to understand the relationship between requirement management and system modeling.They are mutually supportive activities that should not be equated.We can compare this relationship  to the terminology 'SANDWICH'.

                             In this analogy,Requirement Management is the "Bread & butter" of development cycle.The "Filling" is provided by the system modeling layer explains the analysis and design that has led to the subsequent layers of requirement.Some People talk about the requirement modeling. This is a misnomer.You infact model the system design, not requirement.
                         

                             'Modeling' supports the design activity and is where most of the creative work takes place. It assists the engineer in understanding enough of the system to decompose the requirements at a particular level into the next level down. The requirements themselves are a complete snapshot of what is required a teach level in increasing level of details.

Requirement and modeling

                                  A model is an abstraction of a system that deliberately focuses on some aspects of a system to the exclusion of others. Models exist the requirement engineers in analyzing  this requirements at a particular level so as to:

• Communicate with the customer and improve mutual understanding of the system to be developed.
• Determine how to satisfy the requirements.

Software configuration management

Presentation on Software configuration management 

The topic of my today's presentation is Software configuration management. Firstly we see that what is meant by configuration?

What is configuration?

The way a computer system or program is prepared for particular use is known as configuration.For example we will see that a simple USB have multiple functions i.e we can store data or make it boot-able drive,so in both cases we actually configure that USB to our point of use.

What is Software Configuration Management?

In software engineering,configuration management is a task of tracking and controlling the change in software system.

or

Configuration management is concerned  with the policies,processes and tools for managing changing software system.

Implementation of Configuration Management 

• Configuration management is useful for individual projects or personal software process (PSP) as it is easy for one person to forget what changes have been made.
• It is also essential for Team projects or Team software process (TSP) where several developers are working at same time on a software system.Sometimes,these developers are all working at same place but sometimes development team are distributed with members in different locations across world.

Standards for configuration management

• IEEE 828-(1998)
• IEEE 1042

Activities involves in Configuration Management

There are several activities involve in configuration management.These are given below:-

Change Management

The management of change and development within a business or similar organization.

Version Management

This involves keeping track of multiple versions of system components and ensure that changes have been made to components.

System building

It is the process of integrating program components,data and libraries and then compiling and linking these to create executable system.

Release Management

It is the process of managing software releases from development stage to software release.It is new but rapidly growing discipline with in software engineering. 

Software configuration management

Configuration management in terms of Quality

Configuration management is sometimes considered to be a part of Software quality management with same manager having both:

• Quality management responsibilities
• Configuration management responsibilities

When a new version of software has been implemented,it is handed over by the development team to quality assurance team (QA) .The QA team cheaks that system quality is acceptable. If so,all changes to system have to agreed on and recorded before they are implemented.

Terminologies

One of the problems of configuration management is that different companies talk about the same concept using different term,so that's why different terminologies were introduced.

Configuration Item

Anything associated with a software project e.g design,code,test data,document, etc that has been placed in configuration control.

Base-Line

A specification or product that has been formally reviewed and agreed by responsible management, that thereafter serves as the basis for further development.

It should always be possible to re-create a base-Line from its constituent components.

Version

The re-release of a configuration item is called its version.Versions have always a unique identifiers,which is often composed of the configuration item name plus version number.

Release

A version of a system that has been released to customers for use.

Main-Line

A sequence of base-lines representing different versions of system.

What is meant by Inheritance in OOP?

Inheritance

                            A programming technique that is used to reuse an existing class to build a new class is known as inheritance.The new class inherits all the behavior of the original class. The existing class that is re-used to create a new class is known as super class,base class,or parent class.The new class that inherits the properties and functions of an existing class is known as subclass,derived class or child class.The inheritance relationship between the classes of program is called a class hierarchy .

                            Inheritance is one of the most powerful feature of object-oriented-programming.The basic principle of inheritance is that each subclass shares common properties with the class from which it is derived.The child class inherits all capabilities of the parent class and can add its own capabilities.

Example

                           Suppose we have a class named Vehicle.The subclass of this class may share similar properties such as wheels and motors etc. Additionally, a subclass may have its own particular characteristics.For example,a subclass Bus may have seats for people but another subclass.Truck may have space to carry goods.

            A class of animals can be derived in to sub classes like mammals,amphibians,insects,reptiles.A class of vehicles can be divided into cars,trucks,buses,and motorcycles.A class of shapes can be divided into the sub-classes lines,ellipse and boxes,etc.  

Super class and sub classes in inheritance

                 
The above figure shows that vehicle is parent class and bus,truck and motorcycle are three sub classes.The upward arrows indicate that the sub classes are derived from the parent vehicle class.

Write a note on Water

Importance of water

Water is the most important thing in our life.We can not live without water.The earth is divided in to four parts or quarters.The three quarters are filled with water,but 2.5 percent of the world's water is pure or fresh for drinking.

How many oceans are present?

There are five (5) oceans.

1. Arctic Ocean
2. Atlantic Ocean
3. Pacific Ocean
4. Indian Ocean
5. Southern Ocean

The  largest ocean of the world is the PACIFIC OCEAN.

Uses of Water

We use water in our life with many ways i.e:

1. We use water for drinking.
2. We use the water for taking bath to remove the dirt and sweat from our body.
3. We use the water in cooking.
4. We use the water in car batteries.
5. Water is used in the creation of many chemicals in the lab.
6. The most important use of the water is in the agricultural work.
7. We need 8 to 10 glasses of water daily to drink and remain fit and healthy.

The water is very important and is essential for us but it can also be dangerous.Rain is the thing for which everybody is waiting,but can be changed in to flood which may causes disasters.Flood can destroy the villages,houses,buildings,cars,trains,agricultural lands and it can kill many people. 

How to create tables in HTML?

Tables in HTML

In table forming,generally four tags are use.

1. <table>
2. <tr>
3. <td>
4. <th>

<tr> tag is used for creating new row.

<th> tag is used for creating new heading.

<td> tag is used for entring new data.

RowSpan

It is not so difficult to understand. RowSpan means

to combine multiple rows to form new row.Its value

can be defined in to the tag.

ColSpan

It is not so difficult to understand.ColSpan means

to combine multiple column to form new column.Its value

can be defined in to the tag.

Making of table in HTML

An example shows how to make table using HTML.

<table>

<tr>

<th rowspan=2>Name

<th colspan=3>Marks

</tr>

<tr>

<th>MS Excel

<th>Powerpoint

<th>Word

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Ali

<td>79

<td>85

<td>92

</tr>

</table>

Output:

Name	Marks
	MS Excel	PowerPoint	Word
Ali	79	85	92

• Example of ROW-SPAN and COL-SPAN is mention above.

Define Link colors in HTML

How to change Link colors in HTML?

We divided links into three categories:

1. alink
2. vlink
3. link

Link

It is standard link that is not visited by visitors.

alink

It is active link.The color of link become changed when we put cursor

on it.

vlink

It is visited link.Color become changed when visitor visited the link.

Syntax

<header link="blue" vlink="grey" alink"red">

What is a comment in Programming Language?

Comment

Comment is a line of code which is written in the program but it

can not be executed.It can only be written in program

to enhance the readability of program.

How to add comment in HTML?

Adding comment in HTML page

We can add comments in our webpage very easily using a simple tag

known as comment tag.

Firstly you have to know that what do you meant by comment in any 

programming language.

//

Comment is a line of code which is written in the program but it

can not be executed.It can only be written in program

to enhance the readability of program.

                                                                  //

Syntax of adding comment in HTML

The syntax of adding comment in HTML is given below:-

<!-- THIS IS COMMENT -->

Image tag in HTML

How to add Image tag in HTML?

There are three important tags which are use to add and format the image in

HTML.These are as below:-

• <FIGURE> tag
• <IMG> tag
• <FIGCAPTION> tag

<img> tag is used to add the picture in our website.Syntax of img tag is given

below:-

Syntax

<img src="abc.jpeg" />

When we add more then one picture in a page,then it is good practice to encapsulate

the all <img> tag in another tag called <figure> tag.

Syntax

<figure>

<img src="image1.png" />

<img src="image2.png" />

</figure>

If you want to add the caption to the image,you just want to add the <caption> tag.

syntax of caption tag is given below:-

Syntax

<img src="xyz.jpeg" />

<figcaption>your name</figcaption>

More tags of HTML

Some more tags of HTML

Some other useful tags are listed below.

hr tag.

hr tag is used to draw a horizontal line to the webpage.

Example

this is my page <hr>.
<br> tag.br tag is used to go to next line.

Example

Hi world <br>.
<a> tag.

a tag also called anchor tag is used to add links and make references to 

webpage.

Example

<a href="http://educationwelfaretrust.blogspot.com>Mysite</a>"

What are List tags in HTML?

List tags in HTML

We can divide list in to sub cetagories:

1. Unordered list (ul)
2. Ordered list(ol)
3. List item(li)

Examples

To create navigation list.

<nav>

<ul>

<li><a href="#">Name</a></li>

<li><a href="#">contact</a></li>

<li><a href="#">email</a></li>

</ul>

</nav>

Heading tags

What are the Heading tags of HTML?

There are six heading tags listed below:

• H1

HEADING

• H2

HEADING

• H3

HEADING

• H4

HEADING

• H5

HEADING

• H6

HEADING

These headings tag can be enclosed in another important
tag called HGROUP  tag.

Formatting Tags

What are Formatting Tags ?

There are several tags which are used to formatting the text.

These are listed as below.

• <b> 

It defines BOLD text.

• <em>

It defines emphasized text.

• <small>

It defines small text.

• <strong>

It defines important text.

• <sub>

It defines subscript text.

• <sup>

It defines superscript text.

• <ins>

It defines underline text.

• <del>

It defines deleted text.

• <mark>

It defines highlighted text.

Basic HTML tags

Tags of HTML

In this chapter we will discuss about tags,its nature and its attributes.

Every tag has its opening and its closing tags.Tags are closed using
"/".

<HEAD>  tag

Head tag is also called a container tag.It is basically used to add the METADATA 

in to the HTML file.

It is also used to add CSS(cascading style sheet).

The basic purpose of head tag is to add basic description about blog.

<P> tag

"P" tag is used for writing paragraphs.we used this tag to edit separately edit text in

web-page.

<BODY> tag

All the content of websites are written in body tag.We can change the background

color ,text color and also add images to this tag by changing in its attributes.

<MARQUEE> tag

This is very important and amazing and my favorite tag.This tag is used to

move the text in web-page.

<nav> tag

This tag is used to create links and nevigation bar in your page.

What is CSS-Cascading style sheet?

CSS

CSS stands for cascading style sheet and is used to design 

web pages.

There are three types of CSS.

• IN-LINE  css
• INTERNAL css
• EXTERNAL css

What is MetaData ?

META-DATA

Meta-Data is known as Data about data.I know this statement confuse you.

Dont worry i'll explain it in future tutorials but now you can understand

it as information about your basic data is added by META DATA.

HTML syntax

Basic HTML structure

The structure and syntax of HTML is given below:

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE>Page title</TITLE>

</HEAD>

<BODY>

Page structure

</BODY>

</HTML>

This is the basic structure of HTML.

Basics of HTML

Basics of HTML

HTML Introduction

HTML is known as Hyper-Text-Markup_language.It is basically used 

for designing a webpage.It is also used to create the static websites.

HTML is a TAG-based language.Every tag has its own special meaning.

Many tags are used in HTML,we will discuss all tags briefly.

some tags are <BODY> , <HEAD> , <HTML> , <P> , etc

Phillip Hughes Australian Cricketer has died

Death of Phillip Huges

Phillip Hughes died 

Phillip Hughes is no more with us.
He died due to hitting ball on his head.
 He was fighting for life after being hit in
 the head by cricket ball.May his soul rest
 in peace.He was only 25 years old.

Phillip Hughes Australian Cricketer hit by a ball

C tutorial for series for new commer

Friends,next lesson of C programming tutorials will be publish tonight till 11:00 PM. So do not panic and enjoy EWT tutorials of C language. Regards ewt team

learning C language chapter 2

Learning C language using OOP

Chapter#2

Introduction to C++

Contents

1. History of C++
2. Preprocessor directive
3. Header files
4. Main() function
5. C++ statements
6. Token
7. White spaces
8. Linker

---

1. History of C++

                 Many new programming languages appeared during the 1960's.

The computers at that time were still in early stage of development.The language

ALGOL 60 was developed as an alternativ to FORTRAN.The language CPL was

developed in 1963.It was more specific for concrete programming tasks of that time

then ALGOL or FORTRAN.

KEN THOMPSON created the B language in 1970.C language was derived from

B language.

C++ was refined during 1980's and it became a unique language.It was very much

compatible with the code of C and provided the most important characteristics of C.

2. Preprocessor directive

                 It is an instruction given to compiler before execution of program.

It is also known as compiler directive.The preprocessor directives are processed

 by a program called Preprocessor. It is a part of C++ compiler.The semicolon

is not used at the end of preprocessor directive.

Types of preprocessor directives.

• Include 
• Define

Include

It enables the program to access a library.Each library contains different header files.

It is used to include HEADER files in the program.

Syntax

#include<standard header file>

Define

The define directive is used to define a constant.Its starts with the symbol #.It is not

terminated with semicolon.It can be used anywhere in program.

Syntax

#define identifier value

3. Header Files

Header files are the collection of standard library functions . There are many header 

files for different purposes.Many header files are included in one program.the extension

of header files is .h. It is used to include header files in programs.

syntax

#include<conio.h>

#include<iostream.h>

Learn C language Basic structure

4. Main() Function

Main function is the starting point of a C++ program.When the program is run,the control

enters main() function and starts executing its statements.Each program must contain

main() function.If the program does not contain main function,it may be executed but 

not run at all.

Syntax

main( )

{

   

   body or C statement

}

5. C++ statements

A statement in C++ language is an instruction for the computer to perform a task.

Computer performs these instructions one by one in same sequence in which these

instructions are written.

6. Tokens

A token is a language element that is used to form a statement.C++ statement may

consist of different tokens.Different types of tokens are :

• Keyword
• Identifier
• Constant 
• String literals
• Operators
• Punctuators

7.White Spaces

White spaces are used in programs to increase readability.Different types of white

spaces include space,tab and carriage return etc.A single line can be written in 2 or more

lines in order to enhance its readability.

8. Linker

The process of linking library files with object program is called linking.A library file

must be linked with the object file before the execution of program.A program that combines

 the object program with additional libraries is known as linker.

C programming language chapter 1

Object-Oriented Programming using C++

Chapter#1

Introduction to programming

Contents

1. Problem solving
2. Advantages of computer program
3. Algorithms and Pseudo code
4. Types of code

---

Programming languages are sub-divided in to numerous categories in which we discussed
C language.

1. Problem Solving

 DEF:-       Problem solving is the process of identifying problem and to finds its best solution.

Problem solving is a skill that can be developed by following a well organized approach.

Different strategies techniques and tools are used to solve a problem.

Computers are used as a tool to solve  complex problem by developing computer programs.

Computer program contain different instructions for computer.

A person can be a good programmer  if he or she has a skills of  solving problems.

Problem-Solving techniques

• Program
• Algorithms
• FlowCharts

2. Advantages of Computer Program

• A computer program can solve many problems by giving instruction to computer.
• A computer program can be used to perform a task repeatedly and quickly.
• A program can process a large amount of data easily.
• It can display the results in different styles.
• The processing of a program is more efficient and less time consuming. 

3. Algorithms and pseudo code

There are several properties of pseudo code.

Properties of pseudo code

• The given problem should be broken in to simple and meaningful steps.
• The steps should be in number sequentially.
• The steps should be descriptive and written in simple English.

4. Types of codes

There are two types of codes given below:-

1. Source code
2. Object code

Source Code

A program written in a high-Level language is called Source code.

Source code is also called source program.

Computer cant understand the statements of high level languages.

The source code cant be executed by computer directly.

Object Code

A program in a machine language is called  object code.

It is also called object program or machine code.

Computer understands object code directly.

you can further learn from next chapter that is Chapter 2

C# tutorials using ASP.net &VB

C# tutorials are basically designed under strong observation and will be uploaded

after compilation and completing of C or C++ tutorial series.These tutorials are getting

popular because only a hard-work that i currently do for you guys.After completing

of our 1st tutorial series ,our next target is to compose tutorials of C# in ASP.net

and also in Visual Basic(VB).

C# tutorials using ASP.net & VB

We are soon announcing our releasing date of our next upcomming tutorial in this blog.

So stay tuned to ewt .

Education

---

Important to note that

---

Video Tutorials

Necessary Education 

Are you interested in learning some knowledge?
Are you intended to attend lecture of your
favorite subjects?

Are you curious about learning?

If your answer is YES of all questions the you

are coming on right place.We are soon starting

our tutorial classes in this website specially

for you guys.Firstly we were going to create new

website for uploading tutorials ,but after your so

much response we decided to gives tuts in this

websites for neglecting confusion.

We are soon creating our new page named as tuts 

which contains tutorials in ewt home page.

---

Regards EWT team

---

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Kinds of Software Requirements

•Functional requirements

•Non-functional requirements

•Domain requirements

•Inverse requirements

•Design and implementation constraints

Non functional

•Most non-functional requirements relate to the system as a whole. They include constraints on timing, performance, reliability, security, maintainability, accuracy, the development process, standards, etc.

How to handle this problem

}Software economic techniques

◦We need to make some economic decision to overcome this problem

◦Example:

– we will discuss these decision w.r.t major phases of project life cycle

–}How much should we invest in information system analysis in order that we converge on an appropriate definition and concept of operation for the proposed system

◦User questionnaire, interviews, current system analysis, prototype etc

Economics and Software Engineering Management

}Microeconomics ….. Why

◦We deal with limited resources

◦Never enough time

◦Never enough money

◦Even cheap hardware and software is available but they also have limit

◦Some product features may limit critical resources. Can you give some examples………..

}What type of resources a software project may need???

◦People ( with required skills)

◦Equipment ( with correct type and specification)

◦What else ?????